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Plumbing Materials
Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made
of clay, lead or stone. Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are
now made of copper, brass, plastic, steel, or other nontoxic material. Present-day drain and vent lines are
made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead is not used in modern water-supply piping due to its toxicity.
The 'straight' sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or tube. A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding,
where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubing
is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as 'soldering', 'compression fitting', 'crimping',
or for plastics, 'solvent welding'.
Fittings and valves
In addition to the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows,
tees, and unions. The piping and plumbing fittings and valves articles discuss them further.
Fixtures
Plumbing fixtures are designed for the end-users. Some examples of fixtures include toilets, urinals, bidets, showers,
bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations
Equipment
Plumbing equipment, not present in all systems, include, for example, water meters, pumps, expansion tanks, backflow
preventers, filters, water softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems.